Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence. Developed in the early 1980s by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick, MI originated within the context of addiction treatment. Its creators aimed to provide a more compassionate and collaborative approach compared to confrontational and directive methods prevalent at the time. MI is rooted in principles of empathy, respect for client autonomy, and the belief that clients are experts on their own lives, capable of making meaningful changes.

The history of MI began with observations on how clients with alcohol use disorders responded better to empathetic and supportive interactions rather than authoritative ones. This observation led to the development of a framework and techniques that emphasized active listening, reflective statements, and strategic questioning. Over the decades, MI has evolved through extensive research and application in various fields beyond addiction, including healthcare, criminal justice, and mental health, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness in facilitating behavior change across diverse populations.

MI employs core skills known as OARS+: Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflective listening, Summarizing, and Informing/Advising. MI practitioners leverage these basic clinical skills to elicit change talk, where clients voice their own arguments for change, as opposed to sustain talk, which reflects reasons for maintaining the status quo. Through this respectful and strategic interaction, MI helps clients navigate their ambivalence and consider positive change.